Landcover-categorized fires respond distinctly to precipitation anomalies in the South-Central United States

Satellite detection of active fires has contributed to advance our understanding of fire ecology, fire and climate dynamics, fire emissions, and how to better manage the use of fires as a tool. In this study, we use active fire data of 12 years (2012-2023) combined with landcover information in the South-Central United States to derive a monthly, open-access dataset of categorized fires. This is done by calculating a fire predominance index used to rank fire-prone landcovers, which are then grouped into four main landscapes: grassland, forest, wildland, and crop fires. County-level aggregated analyses reveal spatial distributions, climatologies, and peak fire months that are particular to each fire type. Using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), it was found that during the climatological fire peak-month, the SPI and fires exhibit an inverse relationship in forests and crops, whereas grassland and wildland fires show less consistent inverse or even direct relationship with the SPI. This varied behavior is discussed in the context of landscapes' responses to anomalies in precipitation and fire management practices, such as prescribed fires and crop residue burning. In a case study of Osage County (OK), we find that large wildfires, known to be closely related to climate anomalies, occur where forest fires are located in the county and absent in areas of grassland fires. Weaker grassland fire response to precipitation anomalies can be attributed to the use of prescribed burning, which is normally planned under environmental conditions that facilitate control and thus avoided during droughts. Crop fires, on the other hand, are set to efficiently burn residue and are practiced more intensely in drier years than in wetter years, explaining the consistently strong inverse correlation between fires and precipitation anomalies. In our increasingly volatile climate, understanding how fires, vegetation, and precipitation interact has become imperative to prevent hazardous fire conflagrations and to better manage ecosystems.