Autogenic Formation of Bimodal Grain Size Distributions in Rivers and Its Contribution to Gravel-Sand Transitions

Riverbeds often fine downstream, with a gravel-bedded reach, a relatively abrupt gravel-sand transition (GST), and a sand-bedded reach. Underlying this behavior, bed grain size distributions are often bimodal, with a relative paucity (gap) around the range 1-5 mm. There is no general morphodynamic model capable of producing the grain size gap and gravel-sand transition autogenically from a unimodal sediment supply. Here we use a one-dimensional morphodynamic model including size-specific bedload and suspended load transport, to show that bimodality readily evolves autogenically even under unimodal sediment feed. A GST forms when we include a floodplain width that abruptly increases at some point. Upstream of the transition, non-gap gravel ceases to move and gap sediment is preferentially transported. At the transition, non-gap sand rapidly deposits from suspension, enhancing gap sediment mobility and diluting its presence on the bed. The bed surface layer of many rivers is a mixture of sand and gravel. This mixture is described by the probability distribution of grain sizes, and in particular by the median size. Consider the long profile of such a river. Surface median size commonly becomes finer downstream, but often changes abruptly from a value above 5 mm to a value below 1 mm over a short reach. The range 1-5 mm is termed "gap sediment." Here we explain how this abrupt change evolves, even when there is no deficit of gap sediment supplied to the reach, and even though particle abrasion is not included. The grain size distribution autogenically develops two peaks, one in the sand range and one in the gravel range above 5 mm. When abrupt floodplain widening is included, the gravel peak is stronger in the upper reach and the sand peak is stronger in the lower reach, leading to a relatively abrupt gravel-sand transition. Gap sediment can be diluted both upstream and downstream by a combination of effects due to bedload and suspended load, so that it dominates nowhere in the grain size distribution. Numerical simulations show that bed bimodality evolves autogenically, even with unimodal sediment feed and no abrasion Abrupt floodplain widening can lead to the formation of a distinct gravel-sand transition The behavior can be explained by preferential mobility of 1-5 mm sediment over a sand bed combined with fallout of sand from suspension