Catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to aromatics over indium-zirconium solid solution and sheet HZSM-5 tandem catalysts

The presence of acids and bases, coupled with its exceptional CO2 2 adsorption capacity and thermal stability, has established zirconia as a highly esteemed promoter and carrier. Researchers have found that the In2O3 2 O 3 supported ZrO2 2 exhibits high activity and remarkable stability. Therefore, xIn-yZr(T) solid solutions were prepared with different calcination temperatures and In/Zr molar ratios. The solid solutions were then combined with sheet HZSM-5 zeolite from tandem catalysts, which were investigated for their catalytic performance in converting CO2 2 to aromatics. The X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, N2 2 adsorption-desorption, NH3 3 temperature- programmed desorption, pyridine infrared radiation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, CO2 2 temperature-programmed desorption and H2 2 temperature-programmed reduction characterization methods were used to investigate the physicochemical properties of catalysts. Density Functional Theory calculations were used to investigate the energy of thermal desorption and H2 2 reduction to generate oxygen vacancies on the surface of In2O3(1 2 O 3 (1 1 1) and Zr/In2O3(1 2 O 3 (1 1 1). Additionally, the influence of oxygen vacancies on CO2 2 adsorption energies was simulated. It was found that the incorporation of a moderate amount of zirconium carriers promoted the generation of oxygen vacancies and provided better metal-carrier interactions. The 4In-1Zr (500 degrees C)/HZSM-5 tandem catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic stability, achieving a CO2 2 conversion of 24.3 % and aromatics selectivity of 37.3 %.