Recent developments in SnO2 nanostructures inspired hydrogen gas sensors

With the growing hydrogen economy, hydrogen is expected to play a significant part in the decarbonization of the world's energy supply. However, the use of hydrogen technologies necessitates the implementation of rigorous safety measures, such as the deployment of accurate hydrogen gas detection systems. Tin oxide (SnO2) has been mainly studied to detect H2 gas-sensing applications due to its significant chemical and thermal stability properties. The present review article aims to provide state-of-the-art knowledge of current developments of low-cost, eco-friendly hydrogen (H2) gas sensors (HGS) based on functionalized tin oxide (SnO2) nanostructures (SNS), offering greater efficiency and enhanced precision. The review article discuss the various technologies with their fundamental mechanism of hydrogen gas sensing. In this review article, the different fabrication routes of SNS coupled with modifications in their structural, surface, chemical, and electrical properties via metal doping, heterojunctions, ion implantation, light-assisted, carbon, and polymer-based hybrids are taken into account. Further, the study emphasized factors affecting sensing performance, recent technological advancements, and prevailing challenges in the area of SNS-inspired HGS. The review presents a few knowledge gaps, translated herewith as future perspectives and recommendations to instant possibility for future research and development. Hence, the present study could foster novel initiatives that may pave the way to revolutionizing SnO2-based HGS.