Development of ceramic layer on magnesium and its alloys for bone implant applications using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)

The use of magnesium (Mg) and its alloys as potential materials for bone implants is gaining attention of researchers. This is due to their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and ability to degrade in the body. Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) is a promising surface modification technique for enhancing the performance of magnesium and its alloys in orthopedic and dental implants. It helps develop an oxide ceramic layer on the surface. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the recent advancements in PEO of magnesium and related alloys for use in bone implants. It begins by explaining the fundamental principles of PEO, including the electrochemical and plasma processes involved in forming ceramic coatings on magnesium substrates. It then describes how various factors affect the oxide layers. These include the electrolyte mixture, voltage, current density, and treatment length. It focuses on the microstructure, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance of PEO-treated magnesium alloys. Additionally, it explains the biocompatibility and bioactivity performance of the PEO-coated magnesium alloys. This involves their interactions with biological systems, cell adhesion, proliferation, and osseointegration. The review also covers challenges and limitations of PEO. Its comprehensive analysis of PEO technique, surface characteristics, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and biocompatibility aspects is valuable. It's a resource for researchers, clinicians, and materials scientists creating novel, biocompatible magnesium-based materials. These materials are suitable for dental and orthopedic implants. As the field continues to evolve, further research directions and potential breakthroughs are outlined to propel the application of PEO-treated magnesium alloys in the realm of bone implants, offering patients improved medical outcomes and enhanced quality of life.