Environmental remediation and sustainable design of iron oxide nanoparticles for removal of petroleum-derived pollutants from water: A critical review

The global problem of major oil spills not only generates crude oil pollution, but produces many derivatives that pose ecological and human health challenges. While extensive research has focused on understanding the types of these contaminants, their transport modes, detection techniques, and ecotoxicological impacts, there are still significant research gaps in mechanisms for removal of petroleum-derived pollutants by iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). This work summarizes systematically the types and green synthesis of IONPs for the environmental remediation of various petroleum contaminants. We also provide comprehensive coverage of the excellent removal capacity and latest environmental remediation of IONPs-based materials (e.g., pristine, modified, or porous-supported IONPs materials) for the removal of petroleum-derived pollutants, potential interaction mechanisms (e.g., adsorption, photocatalytic oxidation, and synergistic biodegradation). A sustainable framework was highlighted in depth based on a careful assessment of the environmental impacts, associated hazards, and economic viability. Finally, the review provides an possible improvements of IONPs for petroleum-derived pollutants remediation and sustainable design on future prospect. In the current global environment of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, this information is very important for researchers to synthesize and screen suitable IONPs for the control and eradication of future petroleum-based pollutants with low environmental impact.