Efficient Solid-Phase Extraction of Neonicotinoid Insecticides from Environmental Water and Drink Samples Using a Postmodified Metal-Organic Framework

Neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) are extensively utilized globally because of their efficient and broad-spectrum properties. However, their residues are also extensively distributed in the environment. Herein, MIL-101-SO3Na with abundant -NH- and sulfonate groups was synthesized via chloromethylation and nucleophilic substitution postmodification strategies and used to extract NNIs via solid-phase extraction. MIL-101-SO3Na was enhanced by introducing C-H<middle dot><middle dot><middle dot>N hydrogen bonds to strengthen interaction forces and -SO3Na groups to adjust surface charge and enhance electrostatic attraction. This modification and the substantial specific surface area (998 m(2)<middle dot>g(-1)) of the metal-organic framework markedly enhanced the enrichment efficiency of MIL-101. The proposed method based on MIL-101-SO3Na exhibited a minimal detection threshold (0.04-0.87 ng<middle dot>L-1), an extensive linear spectrum (1-2000 ng<middle dot>L-1), and notable accuracy (a variation of 3.02-11.8%) in water and drink samples. NNI concentrations between 0.25 and 24.2 ng<middle dot>L-1 in fruit juice and tea samples were accurately identified using the proposed method, demonstrating its feasibility in practical applications. The postmodification of MIL-101-SO3Na is an exceptional and promising approach for the sensitive detection of ultratrace NNI levels in complex matrices.