Drug evaluation platform based on non-destructive and real-time in situ organoid fate state monitoring by graphene field-effect transistor

3D organoid models have been widely used in drug evaluation because they effectively mimic physiological conditions and cell-cell interactions. However, current organoid-based drug evaluation heavily relies on invasive methods like qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence quantification, which disrupts the organoid's structure and physiological function during the evaluation process. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a non-destructive drug evaluation platform to continuously monitor organoid fate. Here, a non-destructive and real-time in situ platform based on field effect transistor sensor (NDRS-FET) was developed to monitor organoid fate and obtained accurate drug evaluation by conducting the dynamic models. Using liver organoid as the model, the transition kinetics of liver organoid fate in response to candidate drug compounds were recorded by the NDRS-FET platform. OSM, FH1 and BG45 were successfully identified as effective regulators of liver organoid fate. Compared to traditional methods, the NDRS-FET platform could not only accurately capture the drug effect on organoid in real time, but also reduce the intergroup deviation among samples, providing more accurate and reliable tool for drug development and screening.