Common foot and ankle disorders in pregnancy: the role of diagnostic ultrasound

Foot and ankle disorders are common during pregnancy, driven by significant physiological changes including weight distribution, hormonal fluctuations, and fluid balance. These changes often result in conditions such as varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), edema, overpronation, ankle sprains, metatarsalgia, stress fractures, ligament tears, synovitis, tendon tears, tenosynovitis, paratenonitis, plantar fasciitis, and Morton's neuroma. This paper emphasizes the diagnostic utility of ultrasound for these conditions, given its safety, non-invasiveness, and real-time imaging capabilities without ionizing radiation. Ultrasound is particularly effective for diagnosing venous disorders like varicose veins and thrombophlebitis, leveraging Doppler ultrasound to assess vein structure and function. It is also instrumental in identifying DVT, detecting vein dilation, reflux, and thrombosis. For conditions such as edema, ultrasound helps differentiate physiological from pathological causes, ensuring accurate diagnosis and management. In cases of musculoskeletal issues like overpronation, ankle sprains, ligament tears, and tendon pathologies, ultrasound provides detailed images of soft tissues, allowing for precise diagnosis and effective treatment planning. It is equally useful for detecting metatarsalgia, plantar fasciitis, and Morton's neuroma, offering insights into soft tissue abnormalities and guiding therapeutic interventions. Ultrasound's role extends to diagnosing foreign bodies in the foot and ankle, where it demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity. The accessibility and cost-effectiveness of ultrasound make it an invaluable tool in various healthcare settings, ensuring timely and accurate diagnosis and management of foot and ankle disorders during pregnancy, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life.