Sulphated natural bio-polysaccharide grafted magnetic nanoparticles: Experimental and simulation towards safe and biocompatible polymeric membrane

Blood biocompatibility and permeability are major challenges that limit the wide implementation of polyethersulfone membranes for hemodialysis and bio-related applications. In this regard, polyethersulfone's surface modification is a commonly used strategy to improve permeability/selectivity, prevent protein-based fouling, and suppress the inflammation of the immune response. As a new approach to enhancing blood biocompatibility, this paper reports a feasible and effective method for the synthesis of heparin-like structures by modifying the polysaccharide guar gum macromolecule with magnetic nanoparticles and metanilic acid. The prepared magnetic, sulphated polysaccharide was blended with polyethersulfone to obtain a hydrophilic and biocompatible membrane surface. The modified membranes show an improved permeability of 144 L m- 2 h- 1 bar- 1 . A comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the protein adsorption on the membrane surface is also conducted. Blood compatibility tests reveal that the polyethersulfone-modified membrane demonstrates a low hemolysis rate, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, and low platelet adhesion. It is also performed simulation studies based on molecular docking between different guar gum-modified structures and each of human serum albumin and immunoglobulin. Accordingly, the docking results are in line with the practically obtained biocompatibility analyses. Through the obtained results, this study uniquely affirms that the modification of polyethersulfone membranes with magnetic and negatively charged guar gum has promising potential for effective usage in bio-related applications.