Small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as drug-delivery tools for anti-cancer drugs

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) originating from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising candidates for drug delivery applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the basic characteristics of sEVs, followed by detailed insights into methods for effective EV isolation, identification, and visualization. Addressing a critical concern, the article elucidates the role of sEVs in anti-cancer drug resistance. The article also investigates the suitability of MSC-derived sEVs as chemotherapeutic nano-carriers. Methodologies for loading various drugs into EVs are covered, along with an exploration of surface modification approaches. Our review then delves into the therapeutic applications of drug-loaded MSC-derived sEVs, shedding light on their great potential in combating cancer. A discussion on the advantages and unique features of MSCsEVs as drug delivery tools further accentuates their relevance in clinical applications. However, acknowledging the nuances of this approach, the article concludes by outlining the limitations of MSC-sEVs as drug delivery tools, along with discussing the scalability and regulatory aspects of such a therapy system. This exploration aims to contribute to the growing knowledge in the field and provide valuable insights for researchers and clinicians involved in the development and application of MSC-derived sEVs for targeted anti-cancer drug delivery.