Entrepreneurial functions performed by women entrepreneurs: Do incubators make a difference?

Women entrepreneurs often face impoverished social networks, hindering opportunity recognition, resource mobilization, and innovation. Governments promote incubator to boost entrepreneurship, but these are often male dominated, perpetuating gender inequalities. This study examined whether incubation benefits women as much as men entrepreneurs. Data from 268 incubated (men and women) and 140 non-incubated women entrepreneurs showed significant differences in entrepreneurial functions between incubated and non-incubated women. Contrary to expectations, no significant differences were found between incubated men and women. Thus, incubators offer alternative affiliation by providing valuable networks for women beyond their familial connections. Furthermore, incubators create a level playing field for women entrepreneurs.