Sleep-related measurements to assess sleep disturbances among people living with dementia in nursing homes: a systematic review

Background: There is a high prevalence of sleep disturbances among people living with dementia (PLWD) in nursing homes. Reliable and valid measurements are needed to assess these disturbances. The aim of this systematic review was to identify, analyze and synthesize studies of sleep-related measurements to assess sleep disturbances in PLWD.Methods: The databases PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were systematically searched in 2019; the search was updated in March 2024. The inclusion criteria were as follows: participants with dementia or probable dementia in any care setting; and studies that reported at least one of the following aspects: (I) theoretical and conceptual frameworks, (II) user or patient involvement by type of users in measurement development, (III) feasibility and practicability of measurements, and (IV) results of psychometric analyses. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) criteria and the quality appraisal tool for studies of diagnostic reliability (QAREL) tool.Results: A total of 5169 studies were identified; ultimately, 15 studies describing three self-administered measurements, three proxy-administered measurements and two technological measurements were included. No sleep-related measurement showed acceptable psychometric properties in any of the COSMIN domains.Conclusions: No measurement without adaptation can be recommended for PLWD in nursing homes. If existing measurements are used in clinical practice, the self-perspective of PLWD should be taken into account. If this is no longer fully possible, proxy-rating perspectives in combination could be an option. Future research on sleep-related measurements should be strictly based on international consensus-based psychometric quality criteria.