A Comparative Study of Zinc Phosphate and Zirconium-Based Conversion Coatings on Galvannealed Steel: Effect on Corrosion Performance of Electrocoated Systems

The efficacy of an electrocoated system that uses a Zr-based conversion coating was assessed to protect galvannealed (GA) steel. The aim was to determine if a Zr-based system has the potential to replace a system with a traditional zinc phosphate (ZnP) conversion coating, where there are concerns for the environmental and economic sustainability. A comparative study between the two conversion coatings, and a control system with no conversion coating, is presented. Data from AC and DC electrochemistry are utilized with surface analysis investigations of pristine specimens, where scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction have been used to determine the mechanism through which protection, or coating failure, occurs. Further investigations study surface morphology and stability of specimens during immersion in a simulated electrocoat bath, and their effect on the performance of fully electrocoated systems. The corrosion current density (i(corr)) for bare, ZnP, and Zr-based conversion coated specimens in chloride-containing solution with no electrocoat were found to be approximately 1.90 mu A/cm(2), 0.30 mu A/cm(2), and <0.01 <mu>A/cm(2), respectively. R-p values of 0.05 k Omega, 4.2 k Omega, and 20.7 k Omega were recorded for bare, ZnP and Zr-based specimens, respectively. The corrosion current density (i(corr)) for bare, ZnP, and Zr-based conversion coated specimens under chloride-containing conditions with electrocoat were found to be 3.82 mu A/cm(2), 0.53 mu A/cm(2), and 0.06 mu A/cm(2), respectively. |Z| values at 0.01 Hz (|Z|(0.01 Hz)) were measured, yielding 45.5 G Omega, 47.4 G Omega, and 31.6 G Omega for bare, ZnP, and Zr-based pretreatments respectively, demonstrating excellent barrier properties after electrocoating. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rate values of 3.52 x 10(-2) mol<middle dot>m(-2)<middle dot>s(-1), 3.12 x 10(-2) mol<middle dot>m(-2)<middle dot>s(-1), and 2.94 x 10(-2) mol<middle dot>m(-2)<middle dot>s(-1) were recorded for the bare, ZnP, and Zr-based systems, respectively. This study produced a ranking order of HER rate. This was bare > ZnP > Zr-based. These results suggest that the Zr-based system is less prone to HER, interfering with the electrocoat deposition process. A performance ranking order for pretreated and electrocoated systems was established, where Zr-based > ZnP > control. The level of thickness and roughness provided by the conversion coating is speculated to be the controlling factor for coating performance, where the ZnP conversion coating was found to provide a thicker layer with greater surface coverage beneficial for a uniform electrocoat film build.