Non-aqueous lyotropic liquid crystals: Precision self-assembling, properties, and applications

Lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) are intermediate states of matter that are formed via the noncovalent bond selfassembly of surfactants in solvents. As the representative of soft matter, LLCs have received wide attention in various fields, such as biomimicry, biological medicine, functional materials, and petrochemical engineering. Significant advancements have been made in understanding the formation and applications of LLCs in the aqueous phase, also known as aqueous LLCs. However, as the use of non-aqueous systems becomes more prevalent, research interest in non-aqueous LLCs has been steadily increasing. The diverse availability of nonaqueous solvents enables non-aqueous LLCs to exhibit precision structures, intriguing phase behaviors, and unique applications. This review comprehensively summarizes recent research progress on the formation of LLCs in different non-aqueous phases using various surfactants through precision self-assembly strategies. Specifically, it delves into the synthesis of non-aqueous LLCs and their structural and phase characteristics. Furthermore, it highlights their potential and actual applications in several domains, such as functional material synthesis, drug delivery, and extraction separation, dye degradation, solar cells, electrolytes and dielectrics, lubricants and so on. Finally, this review identifies and discusses the challenges associated with non-aqueous LLCs. Addressing these challenges will be crucial for unlocking the full potential of non-aqueous LLCs in various technological and industrial applications. In summary, the field of non-aqueous LLCs is ripe with opportunities for innovation and application across a wide range of disciplines. Continued research in this area promises to yield valuable insights and transformative technologies that leverage the unique properties of these fascinating soft matter systems.