Solidification and utilization of municipal solid waste incineration ashes: Advancements in alkali-activated materials and stabilization techniques, a review

Researchers are actively investigating methodologies for the detoxification and utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWIBA) and Fly Ash (MSWIFA), given their potential as alkali-activated materials (AAMs) with low energy consumption. Recent studies highlight that AAMs from MSWIFA and MSWIBA demonstrate significant durability in both acidic and alkaline environments. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the processes for producing MSWIFA and MSWIBA, evaluating innovative engineering stabilization techniques such as graphene nano-platelets and lightweight artificial cold-bonded aggregates, along with their respective advantages and limitations. Additionally, this review meticulously incorporates relevant reactions. Recommendations are also presented to guide future research endeavors aimed at refining these methodologies.