Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Emerging Tools for Cancer Therapeutics

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures secreted by cells that play important roles in intercellular communication and material transport. Due to its excellent biocompatibility, lipophilicity, and homing properties, EVs have been used as a new generation of drug delivery systems for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Despite the potential clinical benefits of animal-derived extracellular vesicles (AEVs), their large-scale production remains sluggish due to the exorbitant cost of cell culture, challenging quality control measures, and limited production capabilities. This constraint significantly hinders their widespread clinical application. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) share similar functionalities with AEVs, yet they hold several advantages including a wide variety of source materials, cost-effectiveness, ease of preparation, enhanced safety, more stable physicochemical properties, and notable efficacy. These merits position PEVs as promising contenders with broad potential in the biomedical sector. This review will elucidate the advantages of PEVs, delineating their therapeutic mechanisms in cancer treatment, and explore the prospective applications of engineered PEVs as targeted delivery nano-system for drugs, microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, and beyond. The aim is to heighten researchers' focus on PEVs and expedite the progression from fundamental research to the transformation of groundbreaking discoveries. Plant extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have significant advantages over animal-derived ones in terms of source, cost, safety, large-scale production, and therapeutic efficacy, gradually becoming a new therapeutic tool that can replace animal extracellular vesicles This review delves into the benefits of PEVs and their current status and potential for development in cancer treatment, aiming to facilitate their translational application. image