Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: updates in diagnosis and treatment

Purpose of reviewTo summarize the latest developments in rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) prevention, (early) diagnosis, and treatment.Recent findingsThe revised Jones criteria have demonstrated increased sensitivity and specificity for rheumatic fever diagnosis in high-risk populations. The management of rheumatic fever remains symptom-based, with no treatment options proven to alter the disease course or prevent chronic RHD. The revised World Heart Federation (WHF) guidelines for the echocardiographic diagnosis of RHD encourage task-shifting of RHD screening, extending reach in endemic regions. These guidelines also present an A-D classification of RHD and provide recommendations for the management of early disease. Integrated models for RHD screening within existing health structures are emerging and automated intelligence is showing potential to support RHD screening and diagnosis. Innovative strategies to foster adherence and equitable access to secondary prophylaxis, such as re-examination of the efficacy of oral penicillin, trials of longer acting penicillin formulations and implants are underway. There is renewed interest and investment in a well tolerated and effective GAS vaccine.SummaryWe are living in a time of possibility with global acceleration to address the prevailing burden of RHD. Together, we can ensure that RHD does not once again fall off the global health agenda, until equitable elimination has been achieved.