Long-term monitoring of Paenibacillus larvae, causative agent of American Foulbrood, in Uruguay

Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), the most severe bacterial disease affecting honey bee (Apis mellifera) ) larvae. It was first reported in Uruguay in 1999. Here, we summarize the monitoring strategy carried out from 2001 to date, based on nationwide surveys sampling honey from colonies (2001/2002, 2011, 2021) or from honey storage tanks (2014-2019). We also discuss the actions carried out for the prevention of AFB outbreaks. Uruguay's experience in managing AFB for nearly 25 years without antibiotic use, might provide some helpful ideas for other countries working on AFB control programs.