Individual-Level and Community-Level Predictors of Healthy Pregnancy Outcomes in Multigravid Black Women

Income, employment, and community factors significantly predict consecutive healthy pregnancies in multigravid Black women and may inform targeted maternal health initiatives to promote health equity. OBJECTIVE:To identify individual- and community-level factors that predict the odds of multigravid Black women having consecutive pregnancies without adverse pregnancy outcomes.METHODS:We conducted a secondary analysis of 515 multigravid Black women from a longitudinal observational study (2017-2019). We assessed the presence of adverse pregnancy outcomes (hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, and pregnancy loss) for the index and prior pregnancies. We examined U.S. Census data, medical records, and surveys across multiple socioecologic domains: personal, behavioral, socioeconomic, and policy. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% CIs for the association between individual- and community-level factors and consecutive healthy pregnancies using hierarchical logistic regression models adjusted for maternal age, body mass index (BMI), gravidity, interpregnancy interval, and median household income.RESULTS:Among 515 multigravid Black women (age 27 +/- 5 years, BMI 31.4 +/- 8.9, gravidity 4 +/- 2), 38.4% had consecutive healthy pregnancies without adverse pregnancy outcomes. Individual-level factors associated with consecutive healthy pregnancies included normal glucose tolerance (aOR 3.9, 95% CI, 1.2-12.1); employment (aOR 1.9, 95% CI, 1.2-2.9); living in communities with favorable health indicators for diabetes, hypertension, and physical activity; and household income of $50,000 per year or more (aOR 3.5, 95% CI, 1.4-8.7). When individual and community factors were modeled together, only income and employment at the individual and community levels remained significant.CONCLUSION:Individual and community income and employment are associated with consecutive healthy pregnancies in a cohort of Black patients, emphasizing the need for comprehensive, multilevel systems interventions to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes for Black women.