Comprehensive review and comparison on battery technologies as electric-powered source in marine applications

The International Maritime Organization has been attempting to implement strict rules and a long-term plan to reduce gradually and eliminate greenhouse emissions from the shipping industry as soon as possible. The current trend toward more efficient ships is a result of such attempts. Consequently, all-electric ships have emerged. It is crucial to use an electric propulsion system instead of the traditional mechanical technology. The integrated features of marine power system, which incorporates several power sources or energy storage devices, are crucial. Among electrical energy storage systems, batteries have been most frequently integrated into vessels because of their significant advantages. In this study, a technical review of commercially available battery technologies is conducted to compare their technical and economic characteristics, as well as strengths and weaknesses, to verify their suitability for marine applications. Furthermore, battery technologies that have already been employed in marine applications are presented. Future battery technologies that may be adapted for marine applications are also discussed. Finally, an outline of the standards and regulations for installing batteries in marine applications is presented.