The environmental state in a political context: explaining institutional change in Georgia and Armenia

The institutions of the environmental state are of fundamental importance to addressing environmental problems in the face of growing global crises. Yet limited attention has been given to these institutions outside wealthy, industrialised democracies. This analysis compares how environment ministries in Georgia and Armenia, two critically understudied cases, have changed since independence in 1991. Findings show that despite similar starting points, the two cases diverged significantly over time. In Georgia, the ministry formed early links with NGOs and international organisations, helping it withstand subsequent instability. By contrast, less attention was given to building these relations in Armenia, with the ministry unable to progress reforms. In line with recent advances in comparative environmental politics, these cases highlight the importance of understanding institutions within their broader political context, which as these cases demonstrate, create or restrict opportunities for engagement with non-state actors and drive cycles of reform and restructuring.