Seasonal CO2 fluxes from alpine river influenced by freeze-thaw in the Qinghai Lake basin, northeastern of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

River CO2 emissions, which contribute 53 % of the basin's overall carbon emissions, are essential parts of the global and regional carbon cycles. Previous CO2 flux calculates are mostly based on single samples collected during ice-free periods; however, little is known about the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the river CO2 flux (FCO2) of inland rivers in alpine regions. Based on one year-round monthly continuous field sampling, we quantified the FCO2 and determined their driving factors in typical rivers during different freeze-thaw periods in the Qinghai Lake Basin (QLB) using the thin boundary layer model (TBL) and the path analysis method. The findings indicated that (1) the average FCO2 in the typical rivers was 184.98 +/- 329.12 mmol/m(2)/d, acting as a carbon source during different freeze-thaw periods, and showed a decreasing trend with completely thawed periods (CTP, 303.15 +/- 376.56 mmol/m(2)/d) > unstable freezing periods (UFP, 189.44 +/- 344.08 mmol/m(2)/d) > unstable thawing periods (UTP, 62.35 +/- 266.71 mmol/m(2)/d); (2) pH, surface water temperature (Tw) and total alkalinity (TA) were the dominant controlling factors during different freeze-thaw periods. Interestingly, they significantly affected FCO2 more before completely frozen than after frozen, with Tw and TA changing from having promoting effects to having limiting effects; (3) in addition, dissolved carbon components indirectly affected FCO2, primarily through the indirect effects of pH and Tw in the UTP; wind speed (U) directly promoted FCO2 in the CTP; and Ca2+ and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were susceptible to indirect effects, which promoted/limited the release of FCO2 in the UFP, respectively. Our results reveal the changes of FCO2 and the factors influencing it in inland rivers within alpine regions during different freeze-thaw periods, thereby offering valuable support for carbon emission-related studies in alpine regions.