Community Health Workers' Targeting of Women For Health and Nutrition Home Visits in Rural Tanzania: A Mixed-Methods Study

Background: Community health workers (CHWs) are utilized in many health systems to provide education and messaging to families in their catchment areas. However, CHWs responsible for large geographic areas often must make important decisions about whom to visit. Factors that in fl uence these decisions are understudied. Objectives: This study assessed coverage and targeting for home visits by CHWs within a large social and behavioral change health program in rural Tanzania. Methods: This implementation research was a cross-sectional, mixed -methods study. Data collection included a census with households and surveys with females, surveys with CHWs, and interviews with CHWs. Survey data also included the collection of household location data for females and CHWs. Quantitative data were analyzed using linear probability models, and qualitative data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Only 13% of eligible households in our study sites reported receiving a home visit from a CHW. Although CHWs were more likely to reach households with infants, other program priority populations, such as poor and food insecure households, were frequently missed. Global positioning system data showed that distance was 1 of the greatest barriers for CHWs in providing home visits. Qualitative data indicated that although CHWs were motivated and engaged to improve maternal and child health in their communities, they faced challenges in visiting households that were further away or lacked economic resources to improve their health behaviors. CHWs also found it dif fi cult to provide health education during home visits to mothers with no formal schooling. Conclusions: Programs relying on community volunteers need to set realistic workloads, especially when volunteer CHWs also work fulltime in their primary occupations. Implementation could also be strengthened by providing extra support for CHWs so that they can effectively provide services to community members who are more dif fi cult to visit but may be the most in need.