The barriers to widespread adoption of vehicle-to-grid: A comprehensive review

The remarkable growth of electric vehicles (EV) popularity in recent years has significantly pushed the EV charging demand, potentially causing significant pressure on the electricity grid. The Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, allowing for bidirectional energy flow between the EV battery and the grid, is able to mitigate this pressure, by unlocking the energy flexibility, inherently available in the EV battery. However, despite its potential, V2G technology has not yet reached the mass market due to a number of barriers hampering its adoption. The current study has identified and analyzed 23 barriers potentially hampering the adoption of V2G technology, including technical, business, and EV user-related challenges. The results of the performed analysis define the risk of non-adoption of V2G technology associated with every barrier, along with the interrelations between the barriers. These research findings allow to understand the relative importance of the barriers, structuring and facilitating the necessary efforts of the involved stakeholders toward the adoption of V2G technology.