A visual knowledge oriented approach for weakly supervised remote sensing object detection

Weakly supervised learning poses significant challenges in remote sensing (RS) object detection due to the lack of precise instance annotations. This issue becomes particularly pronounced when dealing with complex backgrounds and dense target alignments in RS images. To address above limitations, we propose a visual knowledge oriented approach to leverage visual cues as pseudo labels, thereby enhancing the supervision for object detection. The visual knowledge is mainly explored from two perspectives: Firstly, recognizing that annotations are made solely at the image level, we address this limitation by aggregating objects of the same type across a group of images that share related semantic concepts. This approach allows us to infer instancelevel annotations through collective knowledge . Secondly, due to the bird's-eye view of RS images, certain object categories display distinctive visual patterns that are identifiable via expert knowledge . Specifically, with the multi-instance self-training framework as our base model, we establish the correlation among images sharing the same class labels, the co-saliency is utilized to extract the regions of common interests, thereby obtaining initial foregrounds in each image. Moreover, by leveraging the expert knowledge of class-specific visual patterns, we refine the pseudo labels and strength the foreground feature extraction by incorporating the low-level visual cues. To further stabilize the training process and address potential noise in object proposals, we incorporate a two-stage training strategy to refine initial predictions. We validate the effectiveness of our proposed approach on two benchmark datasets, i.e. NWPU VHR-10.v2 and DIOR, and achieve mAP of 84.25% and 27.5% on these datasets, respectively, which significantly outperform trending methods.