Birth plan and fathers: A scoping review

Background: With increasing paternal involvement in maternal and infant care, expectant fathers, who are often present during the labour process have been seen to use birth plans to express their wishes during childbirth. Despite their involvement, existing literature mainly focuses on maternal outcomes, highlighting the need to explore paternal involvement with birth plans. Aims: To explore and consolidate the available literature on the involvement of fathers in the birth plan process, their perspectives toward birth plans, and how it has influenced their overall childbirth experience. Methods: This scoping review was conducted based on Arksey and O 'Malley 's five-stage framework. Seven databases were searched from 1980 till March 2024: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Data were screened, extracted, and cross -checked between two independent reviewers. A thematic analysis was conducted to summarise the data. Results: Based on the findings from the 33 included studies, one overarching theme was identified: : 'Factors promoting and restricting fathers ' participation in birth plan '; supported by two main themes 1) Motivations behind paternal engagement in the birth plan process and 2) Roadblocks to paternal involvement in the birth plan. Conclusion: The findings of this review provided insights to guide future practice to engage fathers during childbirth by enhancing their involvement in birth plans. The findings on the motivating factors for fathers to be involved in the birth plan process and barriers affecting their participation also provided directions for future research by highlighting the gaps in the current evidence.