Multiple plumage color signals associated with courtship displays may represent body quality in male golden pheasants (Chrysolophus pictus)

Many animals display numerous colors that can range from red, green, blue, and orange to ultraviolet, whereas others are dull or have a uniform coloration. The reason for this variation in coloration remains unknown. It has been hypothesized that different colors represent multiple signals that either reflect different components, redundant information, or simply no longer provide reliable information regarding body quality. Here, we analyzed the highly diverse coloration of male golden pheasants (Chrysolophus pictus) using an avian visual model from the avian visual system and related the different components of coloration to several phenotypic traits of body quality. We found that different components of plumage color correlated with the length of the body, tail, spur, and beak, suggesting that the multiple colors in male golden pheasants signal different components of body quality. In particular, tail length was correlated with many aspects of coloration, especially the green and orange colors of neck plumage, which are particularly important because male golden pheasants spread their neck plumage and show it to females during their courtship display. Therefore, these findings reveal that the plumage colors of male golden pheasants encode multiple signals that reflect their body condition during courtship displays.