Water Quality and the First-Flush Effect in Roof-Based Rainwater Harvesting, Part II: First Flush

被引:3
|
作者
Lay, Jessica J. [1 ]
Vogel, Jason R. [2 ]
Belden, Jason B. [3 ]
Brown, Glenn O. [1 ]
Storm, Daniel E. [1 ]
机构
[1] Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Biosyst & Agr Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
[2] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Civil Engn & Environm Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA
[3] Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Integrat Biol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
关键词
rainwater harvesting; first flush; roof runoff; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; total suspended solids; conductivity; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; RUNOFF; POLLUTANTS; EMISSIONS; SOLIDS; WASTE;
D O I
10.3390/w16101421
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Rainwater runoff samples from a range of roofing materials were temporally collected from 19 small-scale roof structures and two commercial buildings through simulated and actual storm events, and the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFLs), and pyrethroid insecticides and other water quality parameters were analyzed. In Part I of this research, the concentrations of these contaminants in roof runoff and soils receiving runoff from a range of roofing materials were evaluated. In Part II, recommendations have been developed for a first-flush exclusion to improve the quality of water harvesting for nonpotable uses. Recommendations focus on a first-flush diversion based on mass removals of total suspended solids (TSS) and PAHs linked to conductivity measurements throughout a storm event. Additionally, an upper-confidence limit (UCL) was constructed to determine the minimum diversion required to obtain 50, 75, 90, and 95% mass removal of TSS and PAH contaminants. The majority of TSS were produced during the initial 1.2 mm of runoff. Likewise, the majority of PAHs were removed during the initial 1.2 mm of runoff, except for the asphalt shingle roofs, where high PAHs were observed after 6 mm of runoff. The Texas Water Development Board (TWDB)-recommended first-flush diversion of one gallon for every 100 square feet of rooftop was not always adequate for removing 50% of TSS and PAHs from the roofs. Rainwater runoff conductivity decreased drastically between 1.2 to 2.4 mm of rainwater runoff. Diverting the first flush based on conductivity has the potential to also divert the majority of TSS and PAHs in roof runoff.
引用
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页数:13
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