Aligning Net zero energy, carbon Neutrality, and regenerative concepts: An exemplary study of sustainable architectural practices

This paper introduces an innovative approach that combines Net Zero Energy (NZE), Net Zero Carbon (NZC), and Regenerative principles, redefining sustainable architecture in Iran. Focusing on a residential "attached house," the study employed strategies like thermal insulation, Low-E glass, shading, and renewable energy sources. Results show a 45 % improvement in thermal performance, reducing heating gas usage by over 42 % and electricity usage by 8 %. With shading, heating and cooling demands decreased by 51.7 % and 12.55 %, respectively. Swapping conventional walls for a thermal mass system led to a 74 % reduction in heating gas and a 17.2 % cut in cooling electricity. Additionally, PV systems supply up to 90 % of electricity needs. Environmental assessments revealed that the RM4 building achieved a 20 % reduction in environmental impacts, which increased to 65 % with PV systems and Solar Water heaters. All measures reduced the building's carbon offset by over 90 %, while greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting reduced water consumption emissions by 74 %. Using recycled materials, the Zero Carbon Buildings (ZCBs) model achieved a 68 % reduction in carbon emissions compared to the baseline and 27 % compared to the Zero Energy Building (ZEB) model, with a 67 % higher circularity.