A synthesis on land degradation in the context of sustainable development goals

Land degradation (LD) is a severe and well-known global concern. Therefore, this review aimed to find broader connections between LD and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This literature review aims to synthesize the definitions, processes, assessments, and challenges associated with LD. Furthermore, we developed a universally applicable and concise definition of LD that links a wide range of contexts and studies. Specifically, we categorized LD-related processes into physical, chemical, and biological processes and synthesized 20 methods/formulas used in the assessment of LD. Finally, we synthesized the most significant challenges in the context of the resolution of LD and provided corresponding recommendations. The review also identified the main SDG targets that LD directly affects and the role of LD in relation to the SDGs. Overall, we expect this literature review to be a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners aiming to obtain a comprehensive understanding of LD. The findings of this study shed light on various aspects of LD concerning the SDGs. The LD and the SDGs' processes, challenges, and interactions can be a valuable resource for researchers and policymakers. The information can facilitate sustainable and scientifically rooted use of land resources and provide knowledge and advice on combating LD to reach the specific SDGs associated with LD.