Effects of Declarative and Procedural Memory in the Development of Grammatical Structures

To investigate how the interplay between the declarative and procedural memory systems and learning conditions influences second language acquisition, we conducted a cross-sectional study involving 102 primary, secondary, and university English learners in a real-world English-medium educational context. Linguistic and non-linguistic measures of declarative and procedural memory were used. The untimed grammaticality judgement test was used to measure the learners' grammatical knowledge of nine features considered to have been taught explicitly (Explicitly Taught) and four others that were likely not taught explicitly (Not Explicitly Taught). To control for random variability at item and participant level, we constructed a series of linear mixed-effects models to examine the effects of memory. Overall, declarative memory was associated with both structural types across the educational levels while procedural memory was associated with learners' performance at lower levels of L2 acquisition, contrary to Ullman's declarative and procedural memory model.