Droplet asymmetry bouncing on structured surfaces: A simulation based on SPH method

The impact of a liquid droplet onto a macro -structured super -hydrophobic surface, results in an asymmetric spreading -retraction process and a significant decrease in contact time. The process involves large deformation of droplets and evolution of surface morphology, so it is difficult to efficiently simulate using traditional grid -based methods. In this study, a numerical model is established using the mesh -free smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method to simulate the interaction of liquid droplets with solid surfaces exhibiting complex macrotextures. Leveraging the Lagrange nature of SPH, liquid droplets can be model using free surface boundary condition. The weakly compressible SPH formulation is employed to discretize the governing equations of liquid. Surface tension is captured by introducing an additional negative pressure term, inducing attractive forces among fluid particles. Kernel functions are carefully chosen to mitigate stress instability resulting from droplet spreading and retraction. The model is then applied to simulate the dynamic processes of droplets impact on flat and non -flat super -hydrophobic surfaces. The bouncing dynamics of droplets are investigated under varying conditions, including Weber number, size, and morphology of macro -scale surface structures. Our simulation results for contact time, maximum diameter, and droplet morphology align closely with experimental observations. The contact time of the droplet exhibits a dependency on its size and surface geometry, with a transition towards planar geometry diminishing asymmetric spreading effects. The findings highlight the significance of Weber number and cylinder diameter in determining contact time, providing insights for the design of optimized surface structures for specific droplet impact parameters. In addition, the use of a free -surface condition for modeling proved computationally efficient for 3D simulations. The model effectively reproduces nonlinear behaviors such as droplet spreading, splashing, and bouncing, highlighting the significant advantage of SPH in simulating such problems.