Gender inequality, institutional quality and economic outcomes in the European Union

Our model, which analyses multi-decade annual data from the European Union, suggests that gender inequality mediates the relationship between institutional quality and economic outcomes. We find that institutional quality significantly influences these outcomes, with positive associations with trade and per capita GDP, and negative associations with innovation. Institutional quality positively (negatively) impacts labour force (educational) inequality. Institutions prioritize reducing labour force inequality to boost trade and per capita GDP but struggle to address educational inequality, which does not similarly contribute to economic growth. Whereas labour force inequality negligibly impacts innovation, educational inequality significantly impedes it.