A high dietary acid load can potentially exacerbate cardiometabolic risk factors: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Aims: Chronic metabolic acidosis has been shown to be associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. The aim of the currently updated meta -analysis was to explore the association between Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL) and Net Endogenous Acid Production (NEAP) with these risk factors. Data synthesis: Databases were searched up to May 2023. The mean of waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), high- and low -density lipoprotein -cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and systolic- and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) in highest category vs lowest categories of NEAP and PRAL were recorded. Effect sizes were generated as weighted mean difference (WMD). Results showed that SBP, DBP, and WC had a significant difference in the upper and lower categories of PRAL (WMD SBP : 1.466 mmHg; 95% CI: 2.121, -0.811; P <0.001, WMD DBP : 0.710 mmHg; 95 % CI: 1.170, -0.249; P=0.0 03, and WMD WC : 0.819 cm; 95% CI: 1.446, -0.192; P=0.010) or NEAP (WMD SBP : 1.690 mmHg; 95% CI: 2.789, -0.591; P=0.0 03, WMD DBP : 1.076 mmHg, and WMD WC : 1.325 cm; 95% CI: 1.901, -0.749; P <0.001; 95% CI: 1.938, -0.214; P =0.014). The lowest versus highest categories of dietary PRAL were associated with lower BMI (WMD PRAL : 0.297 kg/m2; 95 % CI: 0.440, -0.154; P <0.001) and TG (WMD: 2.280 mg/dl; 95%CI: 3.828, -0.732; P=0.004; I 2 =99.4 %; P <0.001). Conclusions: High DAL can be considered as an independent risk factor for increasing anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and TG. This study registered in the PROSPERO database (Registration No. CRD42023402985). (c) 2024 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.