Efficacy and safety of different pharmacological interventions in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to indirectly compare and rank the different drugs that have been studied in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) in terms of their efficacy in ameliorating the symptoms of TD and safety.DesignA network meta-analysis and a systematic review were registered prospectively on PROSPERO under the ID: CRD42023407823 and were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-NMA guidelines.Data sourcesPubMed, Scopus, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Sciences, and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched to identify relevant records.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesAny parallel randomized blinded controlled clinical trials that studied the use of any medications in treating TD and assessed the symptoms using a functional scale that has been previously validated.Data extractionThe standardized mean difference of improvement along with the reported adverse events for each drug was extracted from each trial, and a network meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model.ResultsOne thousand eight hundred seventeen patients in 33 RCTs were included in the analysis. Twenty-three different drugs were compared to placebo in terms of reduction in TD symptoms. Among these, valbenazine 80 mg (SMD = - 1.66, 95%CI = [- 2.55; - 0.78]), valbenazine 40 mg (- 1.00, [- 1.89; - 0.11]), and vitamin E (- 0.77, [- 1.45; - 0.1]) significantly reduced TD symptoms in comparison to placebo, while deutetrabenazine 36 mg (- 1.00, [- 2.12; 0.11]) and reserpine (- 0.54, [- 1.09; 0.02]) did not significantly reduce symptoms. Some serious adverse events were reported for valbenazine and deutetrabenazine, which included mainly psychiatric symptoms such as depression, worsening of schizophrenia, and suicidal ideation, while mild adverse events were reported for other drugs, and their incidence in the treatment arms was comparable to those in the placebo arm.ConclusionsValbenazine (80 and 40 mg) and vitamin E demonstrated efficacy in treating tardive dyskinesia. However, the significant side effects of valbenazine should prompt further investigation of alternative treatment modalities.