IoT in energy: a comprehensive review of technologies, applications, and future directions

The integration of IoT (Internet of Things) in the energy sector has the potential to transform the way it generates, distributes, and consumes energy. IoT can enable real-time monitoring, control, and optimization of energy systems, leading to improved efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. This work is an attempt to provide an in-depth analysis of the integration of the IoT in the energy sector, examining the characteristics of IoT, its components, and protocols. It also explores the architecture of IoT, the latest advancements and challenges in the field of IoT, including the IoT communications model, IoT sensor boards, and the current challenges facing the industry and related security threats, and also provides suggestions for solutions to address IoT vulnerabilities. The work further delves into IoT in the energy sector aspect and explores the latest advancements and challenges in the field of IoT, including IoT in energy generation, smart cities, smart grids, smart buildings, and intelligent transportation. Additionally, the work explores the challenges of applying IoT in the energy sector discusses future trends in IoT in the energy sector, and aims to provide a detailed understanding of the latest developments and challenges of IoT in the energy sector, as well as its potential impact on the future of the industry. The work critically analyzes securing IoT devices and offers practical solutions to mitigate risks associated with IoT vulnerabilities. This work serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners interested in understanding the impact of IoT on energy security.Graphical AbstractTaxonomy of the study.