Intermediation power, aftermarkets and mobile ecosystems: the Apple app store litigation

Digital platforms often perform intermediation roles and control an 'ecosystem' of interdependent products or services on multisided markets. Market power can arise through the control of narrow proprietary 'walled gardens' where there are direct and indirect network effects, high switching costs, little multi-homing, information asymmetries and a high degree of consumer loyalty or inertia. This can give rise to a form 'economic dependency' which allows exploitation over an 'installed base'. These ecosystems may or may not be defined as separate markets under traditional competition law but can be subject to 'intermediation power'. Like an aftermarket, this 'lock in' on one side of the market can co-exist with a high degree of competition on the other side of the market. The paper will explore some of these issues in the context of current competition law actions in the EU, US and elsewhere concerning the fees and restrictive conditions imposed for in-app purchasing on smart phones and tablet devices on the Apple app store.