CT Predictors of Visceral Pleural Invasion in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers 30 mm or Smaller

Background: CT -defined visceral pleural invasion (VPI) is an important indicator of prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is a lack of studies focused on small subpleural NSCLCs (<= 30 mm). Purpose: To identify CT features predictive of VPI in patients with subpleural NSCLCs 30 mm or smaller. Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective review of patients enrolled in the Initiative for Early Lung Cancer Research on Treatment (IELCART) at Mount Sinai Hospital between July 2014 and February 2023. Subpleural nodules 30 mm or smaller were classified into two groups: a pleural -attached group and a pleural -tag group. Preoperative CT features suggestive of VPI were evaluated for each group separately. Multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, nodule size, and smoking status was used to determine predictive factors for VPI. Model performance was analyzed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and models were compared using Akaike information criterion (AIC). Results: Of 379 patients with NSCLC with subpleural nodules, 37 had subsolid nodules and 342 had solid nodules. Eighty-eight patients (22%) had documented VPI, all in solid nodules. Of the 342 solid nodules (46% in male patients, 54% in female patients; median age, 71 years; IQR: 66, 76), 226 were pleural -attached nodules and 116 were pleural -tag nodules. VPI was more frequent for pleural -attached nodules than for pleural -tag nodules (31% [69 of 226] vs 16% [19 of 116], P = .005). For pleural -attached nodules, jellyfish sign (odds ratio [OR], 21.60; P < .001), pleural thickening (OR, 6.57; P < .001), and contact surface area (OR, 1.05; P = .01) independently predicted VPI. The jellyfish sign led to a better VPI prediction (AUC, 0.84; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.90). For pleural -tag nodules, multiple tags to different pleura surfaces enabled independent prediction of VPI (OR, 9.30; P = .001). Conclusion: For patients with solid NSCLC (<= 30 mm), CT predictors of VPI were the jellyfish sign, pleural thickening, contact surface area (pleural -attached nodules), and multiple tags to different pleura surfaces (pleural -tag nodules).