Characterizing the spatial structure and aliasing effect of ocean tide loading on InSAR measurements

Ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements, shown as long-wavelength errors in Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), must be considered in large-scale applications. Despite efforts to explore the impacts of OTL on InSAR, most studies use individual interferograms and simple metrics, which fail to characterize the spatial structure of OTL. Moreover, the OTL contribution to InSAR time series remains relatively unexplored. The aliasing effect and related biases due to OTL, which are common to space-geodetic time series, are primarily theoretical with few practical observations for InSAR. This study comprehensively explores the statistical properties of OTL and their impacts on InSAR measurements, using the Southwest United Kingdom and Northwest France as study areas. Spatially, OTL artifacts on interferograms exhibit an escalating magnitude along the principal direction that aligns with the coastline's orientation. Temporally, the aliasing effect originating from OTL introduces periodic signals with prominent 15/64-day cycles into the Sentinel-1 InSAR time series, causing high velocity biases (up to -1 cm/yr) and uncertainties (up to -5 mm/yr) for short time spans. Applying OTL correction mitigates the noise level in the displacement time series, leading to a 16% improvement in accuracy, as validated against the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The study proposes the "overlapping effect" concept, which links InSAR tropospheric delay errors and OTL effects. It underscores the importance of accurate error assessment and removal. Neglecting this interaction may result in a 13% underestimation of the tropospheric error correction efficacy.