Translations and Translators from Oriental Languages in the Moscow State of the late 15th -16th Centuries

The active eastern policy of the Moscow state required numerous personnel who would be able to carry out written translation of Arabic texts and oral, mainly at that time of Turkic languages. Since the end of the 15th century, the role of bakshey in written translation has been noticeable, the functionality of which included translation, reading and, possibly, drawing up tugra, writing short notes, and the ability to write in gold. this made Baksheev highly qualified specialists, whose number was extremely small. Another category of specialists, interpreters, was more widespread. Interpreters initially went on diplomatic trips and also accompanied foreign embassies in Russia. After 1517, differentiation was carried out. In embassies to the Tatar states, Tatar messengers began to perform the functions of interpreters without fail, while interpreters focused on accompanying embassies in Russia, as well as on missions to Iran and the Ottoman Empire.