The mode I fracture toughness and acoustic emission characteristics of hot dry rock under temperature effects

The application of liquid nitrogen fracturing technology exhibits promising potential in the exploitation of hot dry rock (HDR). Therefore, studying the variation in granite's fracture characteristics under rapid cooling with liquid nitrogen is highly significant. In this study, the mode I fracture characteristics and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of thermally treated granite under liquid nitrogen cooling were investigated experimentally. The results indicate that as the temperature increases, both the natural cooling group and liquid nitrogen cooling group exhibit a gradual decrease in granite's fracture toughness, and the cooling effect of liquid nitrogen will further damage the granite. When heated from 25 degrees C to 600 degrees C, the natural cooling fracture toughness decreased from 1.089 MPa & sdot;m1/2 to 0.1631 MPa & sdot;m1/2, with a reduction of 85.0 %; the liquid nitrogen cooling fracture toughness decreased from 1.089 MPa & sdot;m1/2 to 0.1493 MPa & sdot;m1/2, with a reduction of 86.3 %. Additionally, both the peak load and fracture energy are reduced; intragranular fracture behavior is observed within the granite, resulting in a rougher fracture surface. The integration of a crack classification method based on the rise angle (RA) and average frequency (AF) of AE parameters with the kernel density estimation (KDE) method effectively validates the fracture mechanism of semi-circular bend (SCB) specimens. Meanwhile, based on the AE results during granite fracturing, a method is proposed to discriminate crack types using RA and AF thresholds.