Transitioning from remote sensing archaeology to space archaeology: Towards a paradigm shift

Remote Sensing Archaeology (RSA) is an innovative sub-discipline within archaeology that utilizes general Remote Sensing (RS) techniques to analyze data from ancient human-made structures. This analysis significantly contributes to understanding various facets of human history, such as cultures, practices, diversity, and evolution. Our study anticipates the forthcoming changes in the roles of RS archaeologists and the research framework of RSA. Emphasizing the necessity for archaeologists to comprehend remote, proximal, in-situ, and instrumental sensing technologies, as well as rapidly evolving digital advancements, such as Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML), Big Data (BD), Cloud or Cyber Infrastructure (CI), and Digitalization Technology (DT). Drawing upon successful techniques and practices, we argue the efficacy of RSA in addressing historical, contemporary, and future challenges. This effectiveness becomes particularly pronounced as RSA transitions from archaeological prospecting to knowledge discovery using space technologies, represented by RS. Space Archaeology (SA), which we propose as an evolved stage of RSA for archaeological prospecting, builds upon the experiences and lessons gleaned from RSA's century-long journey. It not only extends the legacy of RSA but also signifies a shift in both the implication and methodology of sensing-based archaeological prospecting. SA, while advancing RSA, also aligns with the current trend of spatial thinking in archaeology amidst substantial transformations in RSA research. The perspectives outlined in this review aspire to positively shape the ongoing shift in archaeological spatial thinking.