Effects of different seed priming agents on seed germination and physiological characteristics of wheat under salinealkali stress

Soil salinization restricts crop growth and yield, thereby adversely affecting agricultural development. The stage of seed germination is the most crucial and sensitive stage in the plants' life cycle and is particularly sensitive to saline-alkali stress. We investigated the effects of different hormonal priming agents, namely melatonin (MT), abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroid (BR), as well as the osmopriming agent, calcium chloride (CaCl2), on the germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds under saline-alkali stress. Saline-alkali stress was simulated with the solution of 100 mM NaCl and 50 mM NaHCO3/Na2CO3 (9:1). The results indicated that hormonal priming agents (ABA, MT, or BR) significantly alleviated saline-alkali stress-induced inhibition of wheat seed germination. The germination rate of seeds primed with ABA, MT, or BR increased by 21.0%, 11.0%, and 10.5%, respectively. The seeds primed with ABA, MT or BR showed improved activities of alpha- and beta-amylase under saline-alkali stress, with corresponding increases in starch hydrolysis and soluble sugar content, which contributed to seed germination and embryo growth. Hormonal priming (ABA, MT, or BR) also significantly improved antioxidase activities to alleviate oxidative damage in germinating seeds under saline-alkali stress. Seeds primed with ABA (38.7%), MT (37.0%), and BR (31.3%) displayed lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content than the H2O-primed seeds. The ABA exerted the most significant promoting effect on wheat seed germination under saline-alkali stress. The promotional effect of CaCl2 on seed germination was nonsignificant compared with that of hydropriming. The results offer a theoretical and practical basis for applying seed priming to enhance the saline-alkali tolerance of wheat in production.