Removal mechanism of Pb(<sc>ii</sc>) from soil by biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron composite materials

As an adsorbent, biochar has a highly porous structure and strong adsorption capacity, and can effectively purify the environment. In response to the increasingly serious problem of heavy metal pollution in water, this study used nano zero valent iron and rice husk biochar to prepare a new type of magnetic sheet-like biochar loaded nano zero valent iron (BC-nZVI) composite material through rheological phase reaction, showing remarkable advantages such as low cost, easy preparation, and superior environmental remediation effect. The physical and chemical properties and structure of the material were extensively characterized using various methods such as HRTEM, XPS, FESEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, and RAMAN. Concurrently, batch experiments were undertaken to assess the removal efficiency of Pb(II) by BC-nZVI, with investigations into the influence of pH value, temperature, soil water ratio, and initial concentration of heavy metal ion solution on its removal efficiency. The results indicate that the removal of Pb(II) by BC-nZVI reaches an equilibrium state after around 120 minutes. Under the conditions of pH 6, temperature 20 degrees C, soil water ratio 1 : 5, and BC-nZVI dosage of 1 g L-1, BC-nZVI can reduce the Pb(II) content in wastewater with an initial concentration of 30 mg L-1 to trace levels, and the treatment time is about 120 minutes. The analysis of adsorption kinetics and isotherms indicates that the adsorption process of Pb(II) by BC-nZVI adheres to the quasi-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, suggesting a chemical adsorption process. Thermodynamic findings reveal that the adsorption of Pb(II) by BC-nZVI is spontaneous. Furthermore, BC-nZVI primarily accumulates Pb(II) through adsorption co-precipitation. BC-nZVI serves as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and highly efficient adsorbent, showing promising capabilities in mitigating Pb(II) heavy metal pollution. Its recoverability and reusability facilitated by an external magnetic field make it advantageous for remediating and treating lead-contaminated sites.