Study on strength damage model considering resistivity and failure characteristics of the frozen soil-rock mixture under different loading rates

The strength damage and deformation failure of frozen soil-rock mixture (FSRM) often restrict the safety of the major engineering construction in cold areas or the spatial development of urban underground water-rich rock and soil masses. To investigate the uniaxial strength damage evolution and failure characteristics of FSRM under different loading rates (0.3, 0.6, 3, 6, 30, and 60 mm <middle dot>min -1 ) in the quasi-static range, resistivity monitoring and image recognition technology were used to study the time-stress-volumetric strain-resistivity changes. The results indicate that the peak stress, peak strain, initial yield modulus, and tangential modulus of FSRM increase rapidly before increasing slowly as the loading rate increases, and there are critical loading rates and post-peak failure phenomenon. Three distinct types of failure modes, bulge failure, oblique shear failure, and fragmentation failure were observed at low (0.3-0.6 mm <middle dot>min -1 ), medium (3-6 mm <middle dot>min -1 ), and high loading rates (30-60 mm <middle dot>min -1 ), respectively. The macroscopic failure of the FSRM at different loading rates arises from a combination of strain rate hardening of the strength and damage softening of the structure. To predict the stress-strain characteristics at various loading rates, a damage prediction model with a damage variable correction factor considering residual strength was employed based on the improved Duncan-Chang model and damage theory of electrical resistivity, and the predicted results were in good agreement with the experimental data.