Optimizing enhanced heavy metal detoxification by novel hybrid fungal hyphae-nano-biocomposite functionalized with graphene oxide: Unravelling process parameters & adsorption modelling

Heavy metal pollution poses significant environmental and health risks, demanding efficient novel remediation strategies. This paper presents a fungal hyphae-based nano-biocomposite integrated with graphene oxide (FHGO) for the efficient removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The successful formation of nanoparticles was investigated by morphological characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) & X-ray diffraction (XRD). Through comprehensive exploration of process parameters, including pH, initial concentration, and contact time, the nano-biocomposite demonstrated exceptional removal efficiencies exceeding 90% for both heavy metals i.e. chromium (Cr6+) & nickel (Ni2+). The optimum pH conditions for Cr (VI) removal was 4,whereas it was 9 for Ni (II) removal. The equilibrium data were wellfitted to Langmuir isotherm models, suggesting monolayer adsorption onto a homogeneous surface with adsorption capacities of 38.89 mg/g & 42.88 mg/g for Ni (II) & Cr (VI), respectively, with value of R2=0.997. Additionally, biocompatibility assessments via (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) MTT assays on Henrietta Lacks (HeLa) cell line cultures revealed a low IC50 value of FHGO nano-biocomposite, affirming the efficiency of the composite for biomedical applications. Furthermore, seed germination assays indicated comparatively minimal hindrance to plant growth in the treated sample, highlighting the composite's potential for environmental remediation without compromising plant health. These findings underscore the promising potential of the fungal hyphae-based nano-biocomposite with GO as an effective and environmentally safe adsorbent for heavy metal removal, with implications for sustainable environmental management and public health protection.