Techno-economic-environmental optimization of on-grid hybrid renewable energy-electric vehicle charging stations in BTS infrastructure

Hybrid renewable energy systems with electric vehicle charging stations can provide reliable and environmentally friendly power output for telecom Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). This paper provides an optimized BTS telecom deployment method. The proposed framework uses actual load profiles to conduct a techno-economic assessment of 26 independent sites in North, South, and Central regions to reduce NPC, operational costs, LCOE, and diesel generator running hours. To complete this study's financial model, these 26 BTS sites are connected to the grid for net metering and environmentally friendly electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, and incentives (bonus depreciation and investment tax credit) are added. Finally, numerous uncertain elements are sensitively analyzed, and a carbon emission reduction environmental evaluation is done. When connected to a grid for net metering, freestanding hybrid systems (diesel generator-photovoltaic-wind-battery) have a significantly lower LCOE. Standalone hybrid systems have LCOEs between 0.1096 and 0.2325 $/kWh. On-grid hybrid systems have an average LCOE of 0.004065 to 0.03559 $/kWh. After adding electric vehicle charging stations and incentives, the average LCOE drops further. Optimization and comparative studies reveal that the best grid expansion hybrid charging station is cheaper, greener, and more sustainable than the stand-alone hybrid system. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and governments and corporate investors can utilize the suggested studies to make decisions and optimize policies.