Advancements in biosensing of hormones: Recent progress and future trends

Hormones play a crucial role as signaling molecules, produced by different glands in the body and transported through the bloodstream to target organs, tissues, and cells. Disorders in hormonal processes can lead to various diseases. Due to the significant impact of hormones on human health, precise and rapid monitoring is essential. This study delves into the use of new nanomaterials in the development of (bio)sensors for detecting hormones, which can be applied in the effective analysis of various diseases. The research focuses on identifying hormones using different diagnostic techniques such as photoelectrochemical (PEC), electrochemiluminescence (ECL), optical, electrochemical (EC), and piezoelectric methods. The emphasis is on incorporating diverse biological components and advanced nanomaterials. Furthermore, the study examines the critical contributions of various biological elements such as peptides, DNA, enzymes, antibodies, and aptamers in enhancing the monitoring and measurement efficiency of hormones, which are integral for the efficacy of analytical approaches. Additionally, the research identifies several gaps that exist in methods, research, and technology related to hormone sensing. Notably, this survey represents the first comprehensive assessment of hormone monitoring using bio(sensor) technology.