Numerical investigation of the hydrogen-enriched ammonia-diesel RCCI combustion engine

Incorporating hydrogen into the fuel blend of ammonia/diesel in reactivity controlled compression combustion (RCCI) engines, while maintaining high indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and combustion efficiency (CE), presents a promising approach for mitigating nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), unburnt ammonia emissions and nitrous oxide (N2O) greenhouse gas (GHG)-a pressing challenge in the field. By supplementing ammonia/diesel combustion with hydrogen, potential issues related to incomplete combustion can be mitigated, along with a reduction in intake valve close temperature (TIVC). This study aims to assess the impact of hydrogen enrichment on combustion characteristics in RCCI engines utilizing ammonia and diesel as fuels, employing the kinetic mechanism of combustion reactions within Converge software. The effect of TIVC on key engine parameters, including in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), CE, IMEP, and exhaust emissions, are analyzed by considering chemical reaction pathways. The findings reveal that introducing hydrogen into the ammonia /diesel RCCI combustion blend, leads to significant enhancements in CE and IMEP while simultaneously lowering emissions of CO, HC, unburnt ammonia, and N2O greenhouse gas (GHG). Specifically, when utilizing 80 % ammonia energy fraction (AEF) without hydrogen, minimum TIVC of 440 K is necessary to prevent incomplete combustion, increasing NOx emissions by approximately 20 g/kWh. However, by addition of 20 % hydrogen energy fraction (HEF) into the fuel mixture, the TIVC requirement drops to 380 K, thereby reducing NOx emissions to around 13 g/kWh, while maintaining consistent level of N2O GHG (2.7 g/ kWh).